Massachusetts tax fight gets new fuel
Massachusetts is back in the tax spotlight because new IRS migration data showed a $4.2 billion net outflow in adjusted gross income in 2023, the first full year the state’s new millionaire surtax was in effect. That instantly gave critics fresh ammunition in a debate that is spreading to other blue states.
The timing matters beyond Boston. States across the country are looking for ways to raise money from top earners, so Massachusetts is now being treated like an early stress test for what happens when a state raises taxes on very high incomes.
What the millionaire tax actually does
The policy came from Question 1, approved by Massachusetts voters in November 2022. It added a 4 percent surtax on the portion of annual income above $1 million, on top of the state’s existing 5 percent flat income tax, bringing the top rate on income above that threshold to 9 percent.
The law was designed to fund public education and transportation, which is a big reason supporters still defend it so strongly. In practice, the debate is no longer about what the tax says on paper. It is about whether the state can keep collecting more money without slowly shrinking its high-income tax base.
The headline number is real
The core claim is accurate. IRS migration data for 2022–2023 show Massachusetts had a net loss of about $4.2 billion in adjusted gross income, up from roughly $3.9 billion in the prior year.
That made Massachusetts one of the bigger income losers in the country, even though California and New York posted even larger losses. For opponents of the surtax, that figure became the easiest way to argue that raising taxes on the wealthy can come with a serious cost.
Fewer people left, but more money left
This is where the story gets more complicated. The number of net departing residents fell, with about 30,000 more people leaving than arriving from 2022 to 2023, down from roughly 45,000 in the prior period.
So the state did not suddenly see a bigger flood of movers. What changed was the income attached to those moves. That is why the argument became more politically explosive: the outflow looked less like a volume problem and more like a wealth problem.
High earners drove most of the loss
Bloomberg’s report on the IRS data said top earners accounted for 70 percent of the $4.2 billion net outflow in 2023. That is a striking share, and it helps explain why this story spread so quickly in tax-policy circles.
At the same time, the IRS bracket used in the migration data is $200,000 or more, not just for millionaires. That means the public debate often sounds more precise than the data really are. The numbers strongly suggest higher-income households matter a lot here, but they do not prove every lost dollar came from people directly hit by the surtax.
This trend did not start with the surtax
One reason supporters are pushing back is simple: Massachusetts was losing residents and income before the surtax took effect. The new IRS release shows the state’s net income loss in 2021–2022 was already about $3.9 billion, and total lost income was actually higher in 2021 than in 2023.
That weakens the cleanest anti-tax argument. The millionaire tax may be part of the story, but the pattern did not begin in 2023. Housing costs, child care, commuting, and general affordability were already pushing people to reconsider staying in Massachusetts.
Little-known fact: Massachusetts voters approved the Fair Share Amendment with 52.26 percent of the vote in 2022.
Revenue kept rising anyway
Supporters of the tax point to something critics cannot ignore: the surtax has produced a lot of money. Massachusetts says the surtax has brought in billions of dollars, including $2.5 billion in fiscal 2024 and $3.0 billion in fiscal 2025, while roughly $6.0 billion in Fair Share revenues had been appropriated across fiscal years 2024 through 2026.
State reporting also showed millionaire-tax collections in fiscal 2026 were running 19 percent above the prior year to about $1.3 billion at the time of the Bloomberg update. That is the strongest counterpoint to the “everyone rich is fleeing” narrative. If the tax base were collapsing, revenue would likely be falling, not climbing.
Little-known fact: Massachusetts says the surtax applies to only the portion of annual income above $1 million, and about 99 percent of residents do not pay it.
Critics see a tax-base warning sign
Opponents are focused less on this year’s revenue and more on what comes next. They worry that Massachusetts may be collecting more money for now while quietly relying on a smaller and more fragile pool of top earners over time.
That concern is why business-backed groups are now supporting 2026 ballot measures, including one that would gradually reduce the state income tax rate from 5 percent to 4 percent by 2029 and another that would make tax revenue refunds more likely by changing the state’s revenue-limit formula. Their message is clear: competitiveness now matters more than squeezing one more year of tax receipts out of the current system.
Supporters say affordability is the bigger issue
Groups defending the surtax argue the new IRS release does not prove the tax caused the wealth outflow. MassBudget said the shrinking net loss of households earning $200,000 or more suggests the bigger pressures are housing, education, child care, and transportation costs, not necessarily the surtax itself.
That argument fits a broader national pattern. High-cost states often lose residents to places with cheaper housing and lower taxes at the same time, which makes it hard to isolate one cause. In other words, Massachusetts may be fighting a cost-of-living problem as much as a tax problem.
Where the money has gone
The state has tied Fair Share dollars to visible programs, especially in education and transportation. Massachusetts says the money has supported projects ranging from roads and bridges in all 351 cities and towns to investments in public colleges, transit, and affordability programs.
That political design matters. A tax is easier to defend when voters can see what it bought. Massachusetts has highlighted things like $225 million in roads and bridges supplemental aid and $165 million in public campus improvements, using those projects to argue the surtax is delivering real value.
Florida and New Hampshire stay central
The destinations matter because they sharpen the political argument. Analysts opposing the surtax say Florida and New Hampshire remain the top destinations for former Massachusetts residents, and in 2023, they accounted for about two-thirds of the AGI lost through domestic out-migration.
Those states are powerful contrasts. New Hampshire has no tax on wages or capital gains, and Florida remains a magnet for high-income households and retirees. That does not prove the surtax alone drove the move, but it does show Massachusetts is competing against places with very different tax and cost structures.
Other states are watching closely
Massachusetts is not alone anymore. The Bloomberg report noted that other Democrat-led states have approved or are considering similar taxes on top earners, turning Massachusetts into a live case study for lawmakers elsewhere.
That means this debate is bigger than one state budget. If Massachusetts can keep revenue high while limiting long-term wealth flight, supporters of similar taxes will feel emboldened. If outflows keep rising and the tax base thins, critics in other states will use Massachusetts as a warning label.
In other news, California’s tax fight is turning into a high-stakes wealth exodus debate. Check out why Kevin Kiley says the state’s push is driving billionaires out faster.
What to watch next
The next clues will come from two places: future IRS migration releases and state revenue reports. If Massachusetts keeps posting large AGI outflows while surtax collections level off or weaken, critics will say the delayed damage has finally arrived.
But if revenue keeps climbing and the number of high-income filers stays relatively stable, supporters will say the tax is doing exactly what voters wanted. That is why 2026 could be the year this turns from a political talking point into a clearer economic verdict.
Tax season could look very different for middle-income families in 2026. Check out the key tax changes that could raise or lower what many Americans owe.
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